Q: Find HCF and LCM of 48 and 180. Step 1: Factor: 48 = 2⁴ × 3; 180 = 2² × 3² × 5. Step 2: HCF = common primes, min powers = 2² × 3 = 12. Step 3: LCM = all primes, max powers = 2⁴ × 3² × 5 = 16×9×5 = 720. Step 4: Check: 12 × 720 = 8640 = 48 × 180. ✓