A trial claims a drug works — p = 0.03, but only 20 patients were studied. p < 0.05 means statistically significant (unlikely by chance alone) — but small samples risk Type II error (missing real effects) and exaggerate findings; confidence intervals show the effect's range. Clinical significance (does it matter to patients?) differs from statistical. The p-value is a gatekeeper, not a verdict — size, design, and relevance complete the judgment.