Colicky flank pain radiating to the groin — ureteric stone; CT confirms; ESWL shatters it. Urolithiasis (calcium oxalate commonest — colicky flank-to-groin pain, hematuria: CT KUB — gold; <5mm — fluids + tamsulosin — pass; ESWL — shock waves; URS — ureteroscopy; PCNL — large staghorn; prevention — fluids, low salt). BPH (elderly — weak stream, nocturia, retention: DRE — enlarged smooth; PSA — rule out cancer; tamsulosin — relax, finasteride — shrink; TURP — definitive). Prostate cancer (elderly, high PSA, hard nodular DRE: TRUS biopsy — Gleason; localized — prostatectomy/radiation; advanced — hormonal — orchidectomy/LHRH). Bladder tumor (painless hematuria — smokers: cystoscopy — TURBT + BCG). Painless hematuria is bladder cancer until cystoscopy clears it.