Worked example - integrator ramp rate. R = 10 kohm, C = 100 nF, constant Vin = 1 V. Step 1: time constant RC = 10^4 x 10^-7 = 10^-3 s = 1 ms. Step 2: Vout = -(1/RC) integral(Vin dt) = -1000 x t (volts, t in seconds) - the output ramps down at 1000 V/s. Step 3: with +-15 V supplies (Vsat ~ +-13 V), it hits -13 V after just 13 ms and saturates - which is why practical integrators add a parallel resistor across C (making it a lossy, low-frequency-limited integrator) or reset it periodically.