Boltzmann distribution
Statistical Thermodynamics (UG) · Chemistry
Study notes
Two energy levels: E₁ = 0, E₂ = 0.1 eV. At T = 300 K (kT ≈ 0.026 eV), what fraction is in the upper level? At 3000 K? Step 1: N₂/N₁ = e^(-0.1/0.026) = e^(-3.85) ≈ 0.021. Step 2: Fraction in upper = 0.021/(1+0.021) ≈ 2.1%. Step 3: At 3000 K: kT = 0.26 eV, ratio = e^(-0.385) ≈ 0.68. Step 4: Upper fraction = 0.68/1.68 ≈ 40% — heat dramatically populates excited states!