BENZENE3D
Subject notebook
Chemistry
“Everything around you is chemistry — learn the reactions that shape our world.”
409 topics · 6 chapters
Topics for Chemistry
Ch. 1
Foundations (School Science, Class 6–10)
Matter and Its States
7 topics
Pure Substances and Mixtures
5 topics
Atoms and Molecules (School Level)
5 topics
Structure of Atom (School Level)
4 topics
Chemical Reactions (School Level)
3 topics
Acids, Bases and Salts (School Level)
4 topics
Metals and Non-metals (School Level)
4 topics
Carbon Compounds (School Level)
4 topics
Periodic Classification (School Level)
3 topics
Ch. 2
Physical Chemistry
Mole Concept and Stoichiometry
7 topics
Atomic Structure
13 topics
- Dalton's atomic theory and its limitations
- Subatomic particles: discovery of electron, proton, neutron
- Atomic models: Thomson, Rutherford, Bohr
- Bohr model: energy levels, radius, hydrogen spectrum
- Rydberg formula and spectral series (Lyman, Balmer, Paschen, Brackett, Pfund)
- Wave–particle duality and de Broglie wavelength
- Heisenberg's uncertainty principle
- Quantum numbers: principal, azimuthal, magnetic, spin
- Shapes of s, p, d orbitals
- Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principle, Hund's rule
- Electronic configuration of elements and ions
- Photoelectric effect (intro)
- Quantum mechanical model: Schrodinger equation (intro), probability density plots
Chemical Bonding (Basics)
13 topics
- Ionic bond and lattice energy
- Covalent bond: orbital overlap, sigma and pi bonds
- Coordinate (dative) bond
- Octet rule and its limitations
- Lewis structures
- Formal charge
- Resonance
- VSEPR theory and molecular shapes
- Hybridization: sp, sp2, sp3 (and sp3d, sp3d2 intro)
- Dipole moment and molecular polarity
- Hydrogen bonding and its effects
- Metallic bonding (intro)
- Bond parameters: length, angle, energy
Gaseous State
10 topics
- Gas laws: Boyle's, Charles's, Gay-Lussac's, Avogadro's
- Ideal gas equation
- Dalton's law of partial pressures
- Graham's law of diffusion and effusion
- Kinetic theory of gases
- Molecular speeds: average, RMS, most probable
- Real gases and deviations from ideality
- van der Waals equation
- Compressibility factor
- Critical constants and liquefaction of gases
Liquid State
4 topics
Solid State
11 topics
- Classification of solids: crystalline vs amorphous
- Crystal lattices and unit cells
- Cubic systems: simple cubic, BCC, FCC
- Packing efficiency and coordination number
- Voids: tetrahedral and octahedral
- Ionic solids: radius ratio rule
- Structures of NaCl, CsCl, ZnS, diamond, graphite
- Density of unit cell calculations
- Defects: Schottky, Frenkel, F-centres
- Electrical and magnetic properties of solids
- Band theory of solids (intro)
Solutions
7 topics
- Types of solutions and concentration terms
- Vapour pressure of solutions: Raoult's law
- Ideal and non-ideal solutions
- Azeotropes
- Colligative properties: relative lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure
- van't Hoff factor and abnormal molar mass
- Solubility of gases in liquids: Henry's law
Chemical Thermodynamics
13 topics
- System, surroundings, and state functions
- Extensive vs intensive properties
- First law: internal energy, work, heat
- Enthalpy and enthalpy changes
- Heat capacity: Cp and Cv
- Hess's law
- Enthalpies: formation, combustion, neutralization, solution, lattice, bond
- Kirchhoff's equation
- Second law: entropy and spontaneity
- Gibbs free energy and Helmholtz energy
- Criteria for equilibrium and spontaneity
- Third law of thermodynamics
- Carnot cycle (intro)
Chemical Equilibrium
7 topics
Ionic Equilibrium
7 topics
Redox Reactions
5 topics
Electrochemistry
10 topics
- Galvanic and electrolytic cells
- Cell notation and standard electrode potential
- Nernst equation
- EMF of cells and Gibbs energy
- Conductance: specific, molar, equivalent
- Kohlrausch's law
- Faraday's laws of electrolysis
- Batteries: dry cell, lead storage cell, fuel cells
- Corrosion and its prevention
- pH measurement with electrodes (intro)
Chemical Kinetics
9 topics
- Rate of reaction and rate law
- Order and molecularity
- Integrated rate equations: zero, first, second order
- Half-life calculations
- Pseudo-first-order reactions
- Arrhenius equation and activation energy
- Collision theory
- Catalysis: homogeneous, heterogeneous, enzyme catalysis
- Effect of temperature and concentration on rate
Surface Chemistry and Colloids
8 topics
Quantum Chemistry (UG)
7 topics
Statistical Thermodynamics (UG)
4 topics
Photochemistry
5 topics
Ch. 3
Inorganic Chemistry
Periodic Classification and Periodicity
5 topics
Advanced Chemical Bonding
8 topics
Hydrogen
7 topics
s-Block Elements
6 topics
p-Block Elements
8 topics
- Group 13 (boron family): borax, boric acid, diborane, aluminium compounds
- Group 14 (carbon family): allotropes of carbon, CO, CO2, silicones, silicates
- Group 15 (nitrogen family): ammonia, oxides of nitrogen, nitric acid, phosphorus allotropes, phosphoric acid
- Group 16 (oxygen family): ozone, sulphur allotropes, sulphuric acid, oxides
- Group 17 (halogens): chlorine, HCl, oxoacids of halogens, interhalogen compounds
- Group 18 (noble gases): xenon fluorides and oxides
- Inert pair effect
- pπ–pπ and pπ–dπ bonding
d-Block Elements (Transition Metals)
6 topics
f-Block Elements
5 topics
Coordination Compounds
11 topics
- Werner's theory
- IUPAC nomenclature of complexes
- Isomerism: ionization, linkage, coordination, geometrical, optical
- Crystal field theory: splitting in octahedral and tetrahedral fields
- Crystal field stabilization energy (CFSE)
- Spectrochemical series
- High-spin vs low-spin complexes
- Magnetic properties and spin-only formula
- Jahn–Teller distortion (intro)
- Chelates and the chelate effect
- Applications: EDTA, haemoglobin (intro)
Organometallic Compounds
5 topics
Metallurgy and Extraction (General Principles)
7 topics
Qualitative Inorganic Analysis
4 topics
Bioinorganic Chemistry (Intro)
4 topics
Ch. 4
Organic Chemistry
General Organic Chemistry (GOC)
10 topics
- Classification and IUPAC nomenclature
- Structural representations: condensed, bond-line
- Inductive effect (+I/−I)
- Resonance and mesomeric effect
- Hyperconjugation
- Electromeric effect
- Reaction intermediates: carbocations, carbanions, free radicals, carbenes, nitrenes
- Stability orders of intermediates
- Electrophiles and nucleophiles
- Types of organic reactions: substitution, addition, elimination, rearrangement
Isomerism and Stereochemistry
7 topics
- Structural isomerism: chain, position, functional, metamerism, tautomerism
- Geometrical isomerism: cis–trans, E–Z notation
- Optical isomerism: chirality, enantiomers, diastereomers
- R–S configuration and CIP rules
- Meso compounds and racemic mixtures
- Conformational isomerism: ethane, butane, cyclohexane
- Resolution of racemic mixtures (intro)
Hydrocarbons
7 topics
- Alkanes: preparation (Wurtz, Kolbe, decarboxylation), free-radical halogenation
- Alkenes: preparation (dehydration, dehydrohalogenation), electrophilic addition, Markovnikov's rule, peroxide effect
- Alkynes: preparation, acidic character, addition reactions
- Aromatic hydrocarbons: benzene structure, aromaticity and Huckel's rule
- Electrophilic aromatic substitution: nitration, sulfonation, halogenation, Friedel–Crafts
- Directing effects of substituents
- Polynuclear aromatics (intro)
Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
7 topics
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
6 topics
Aldehydes and Ketones
8 topics
Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives
6 topics
Amines and Diazonium Salts
6 topics
Biomolecules
7 topics
Polymers
5 topics
Chemistry in Everyday Life
4 topics
Practical Organic Chemistry
4 topics
Advanced Organic (UG)
7 topics
Ch. 5
Analytical Chemistry
Classical Quantitative Analysis
6 topics
UV–Visible Spectroscopy
3 topics
Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy
3 topics
NMR Spectroscopy
3 topics
Mass Spectrometry
3 topics
Chromatography and Separation Techniques
6 topics
Thermal and Atomic Methods (Intro)
3 topics
Ch. 6
Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry
Environmental Chemistry
7 topics
Biochemistry Basics
4 topics
Medicinal Chemistry Basics
4 topics
Polymer Chemistry (Applied)
4 topics
Industrial Chemistry
8 topics