Water chemistry: hardness, treatment methods
Engineering Chemistry · Engineering
Study notes
A water sample has 162 mg/L Ca(HCO₃)₂. Express hardness as CaCO₃ equivalent. Molar mass Ca(HCO₃)₂ = 162, CaCO₃ = 100. Hardness = 162 × (100/162) = 100 mg/L = 100 ppm as CaCO₃.