Local anesthetics: pharmacology and toxicity
Anesthesiology · MBBS
Study notes
Seizure after local injection — LAST; stop; lipid emulsion; recovers. Local anesthetics (Na-channel block: esters — procaine — allergic; amides — lidocaine, bupivacaine — safer: lidocaine — short — 1–2h; bupivacaine — long — 4–8h — cardiotoxic; ropivacaine — safer): toxicity — LAST (CNS — tinnitus, seizures → cardiac — arrhythmia — bupivacaine: treat — stop — lipid emulsion 20% — 1.5mL/kg; avoid — intravascular — aspirate). Doses — lidocaine 4.5mg/kg (7 — adrenaline); bupivacaine 2mg/kg. Adrenaline — prolongs — avoid end-arteries. The seizure is LAST — lipid saves.
Related topics
- Preoperative assessment and perioperative care
- General anesthesia: stages, inhalational and IV agents
- Regional anesthesia: spinal, epidural, nerve blocks
- Airway management: intubation, LMA, difficult airway
- Monitoring: pulse oximetry, capnography, hemodynamic monitoring
- Muscle relaxants and reversal agents