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Oncosurgery basics: staging, biopsy, principles of cancer surgery

General Surgery · MBBS

Study notes

A breast lump — core needle biopsy first; cancer confirmed; then surgery planned. Oncosurgery principles (biopsy first — tissue diagnosis — core needle — never excise unknown lumps widely; staging — TNM — operability; wide excision — clear margins — R0; no-touch technique — avoid squeezing; en-bloc lymphadenectomy; avoid tumor spillage — change gloves/instruments): neoadjuvant (chemo/radio before — shrinks — breast, rectal), surgery (curative — wide local/mastectomy/colectomy/Whipple), adjuvant (after — chemo/radio — kills micrometastases), palliation (bypass, stenting, colostomy — relief when cure impossible). Multidisciplinary tumor board decides. The biopsy is the first cut — diagnosis before treatment.

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